What%27s in catalytic converters - A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power).

 
A catalytic converter is part of your car’s exhaust system that converts harmful engine-exhaust pollutants into something less harmful to the environment through a chemical reaction.. Stanley funeral home dublin georgia obituaries

Here’s why. Nation Aug 12, 2022 11:19 AM EDT. Across the country, reported catalytic converter thefts have skyrocketed in the last few years. Annual thefts of the auto part, which is tucked ...2011-17. Chrysler 200. 2001-21. Toyota Prius. These are just the models that most commonly get their catalytic converters stolen. Your vehicle could also be at risk for catalytic converter theft based on a few other factors. Here’s an idea of which types of vehicles are even more at-risk for catalytic converter theft:Catalytic converters reduce 87% of hydrocarbon emissions, 85% carbon monoxide & 62% nitrous oxide throughout the expected car life. The catalytic converter is an essential device in gas-fueled cars. If the car generates emissions, it requires this converter. It reduces harmful emissions from the cars. CARB Compliant Catalytic Converters. Shop By Vehicle. Filter - 201 Products. Sort By Featured. FILTERS. Clear Filters. Part Type. Catalytic Converter. Catalytic Converter with Integrated Exhaust Manifold.Nov 4, 2022 · A theft ring that allegedly made millions from catalytic converters has been busted. And, crucially, their location on the exterior of a car's underside makes them easy to steal, David Glawe of ... In St. Louis, catalytic converter thefts jumped more than eightfold, from 50 in 2019 to 420 last year, with the trend gaining speed near the end of the year into early 2021. In Lexington, S.C ...Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per...A new catalytic converter costs anywhere from $600 to $2,500. Keep in mind that some vehicles have more than one converter, which would increase the overall cost. If you’re looking to save some cash, you can consider purchasing a catalytic converter from a scrap yard. Prices on catalytic converters: Source. Price Range.The average catalytic converter has 3 to 7 grams of platinum worth about $100 – $237. Platinum is more valuable than gold, silver, and even palladium and is a good target for thieves. As of 2022, the platinum price is $997 per ounce and $32.18 per gram. Keep in mind the platinum price constantly fluctuates. May 27, 2023 · Simply search by make, model, or serial number to get an estimate of its worth. Ecotrade Group has an app called Eco Cat that provides access to over 20,000 scrap catalytic converter codes with prices and pictures. You can use this tool to quickly look up the value of your converter and get a quote from a buyer. Feb 14, 2023 · Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per... MagnaFlow California CARB Compliant Universal Catalytic Converter 2.25in 5411335. Part # 5411335. SKU # 244657. 5-Year Warranty. Check if this fits your vehicle. $88499. Free In-Store Pick Up. SELECT STORE. Home Delivery.Mar 3, 2021 · The value of the part. Catalytic converters are made of three different metals that hold a pretty steep price tag. Two of the metals, palladium and rhodium, are worth more per ounce than the price ... Catalytic converters often last for at least 10 years, or between 70,000 and 100,000 miles. However, it’s possible that the catalytic converter on a car that is used only for short start-stop journeys could wear out faster because the engine and cat won’t be able to reach their optimum operating temperature before being switched off.Catalytic converters are a key component of your car’s exhaust system. Their purpose is to turn the dangerous pollutants that are produced in your car’s engine into benign compounds. The ultimate goal of this auto part is to decrease the environmental harm caused by vehicle emissions.A catalytic converter makes no use if short distances are run, Like in my town. When he is hot, he cleans well. Problems with a catalytic converter can occur when exhaust-gas is rich in fuel becouse of faulty fuel injection, And/or sensors are broken, it can melt down, and clog exhaust system.Jan 17, 2021 · Catalytic converters are typically made from steel, aluminum, copper, and other alloys.They help in reducing emissions from diesel engines. Catalytic converters require a significant amount of energy to create so these scrap prices can be quite high in comparison to the value of other metals. Aug 16, 2023 · What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months. Jan 20, 2020 · When to replace it. There are several signs that your catalytic converter is failing. The most obvious is a strong smell of rotten eggs. One engine emission is hydrogen sulfide, which normally gets converted into sulfur dioxide. However, if the catalysts fail, the hydrogen sulfide builds up and creates the stink. Mar 9, 2023 · Additionally, the height of the vehicle makes it easier for thieves to reach the catalytic converter. With less time needed to get the job done and a good payday ahead, these are some of the most targeted vehicles. Ford F-250 and Toyota Tacoma are two great examples of this. 3. Luxury Cars. The metals in catalytic converters are catalysts. Catalysts are compounds that trigger a chemical reaction without being affected themselves. Catalytic converters have a honeycomb structure because it provides a lot of surface area for a lot of reactions. Catalytic converters use elements like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh) as ...Palladium has a price of $2,049 per ounce or $65 per gram. Platinum has a price of $977 per ounce or $31 per gram. On average, a catalytic converter contains 3-7 grams of platinum, 2-7 grams of palladium, and 1-2 grams of rhodium. Speaking purely in numbers, that’s at least $700 in precious metals alone, but there’s a catch.Jan 23, 2022 · Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975. A catalytic converter is responsible for transforming 98% of harmful emissions into less toxic emissions. Note, we say less poisonous and not harmless emissions.Oct 26, 2021 · For catalytic converters, the repair order showing when the repair involving the catalytic converter was removed and that vehicle’s identification number; For those not authorized to repair catalytic converters, a receipt from a person or company that repairs, overhauls, dismantles, or works on motor vehicles In this article, you’ll learn the following: GM catalytic converter scrap values are usually $80.56 – $312.12. Ford catalytic converter scrap values are usually $47.82 – $911.73. Honda catalytic converter scrap values are usually $72.56 – $453.40. Dodge catalytic converter scrap values are usually $84.12 – $1,125.71.Mar 20, 2017 · California legal catalytic converters will comply with CARB labeling requirements. If an aftermarket catalytic converter does not comply with CARB labeling requirements, the vehicle will not pass a California smog inspection, and a smog certificate will not be issued. Pre-OBD II Vehicles (Model year 1995 and older): What’s Inside a Catalytic Converter That Thieves Want? Catalytic converters contain the precious metals rhodium, palladium, and platinum. Together, these elements act as a catalyst—a chemical that starts a reaction without undergoing any change itself.The historical meaning of its name comes from chemistry, where a catalyst is an accelerator for a reaction. In this case, the catalytic converter receives exhaust gases, a chemical reaction occurs ... For catalytic converters, the repair order showing when the repair involving the catalytic converter was removed and that vehicle’s identification number For those not authorized to repair catalytic converters, a receipt from a person or company that repairs, overhauls, dismantles, or works on motor vehiclesCatalytic converters play an important role in reducing harmful emissions from vehicles. They work by utilizing chemical reactions to convert pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into less harmful substances like water and carbon dioxide. This process is facilitated through the use of metal catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions. In addition, […]However, when it comes to catalytic converter thefts, thieves spare no one. The mechanics we spoke to said the most targeted cars for catalytic converter thefts are “regular” cars that common folk drive. Between January and May 2021, car thieves stole almost 26,000 catalytic converters in the United States. This equates to 5200 thefts a month! Apr 26, 2021 · Catalytic converters form part of a car's exhaust system. They contain a honeycomb coated with precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium which help to reduce and filter harmful gases ... Aug 16, 2023 · What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months. Catalytic converters reduce 87% of hydrocarbon emissions, 85% carbon monoxide & 62% nitrous oxide throughout the expected car life. The catalytic converter is an essential device in gas-fueled cars. If the car generates emissions, it requires this converter. It reduces harmful emissions from the cars. Oct 8, 2021 · The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ... Three different chemical reactions are going on at the same time, that’s why it is also known as three-way catalytic converters. Some, less-effective converters carry out only the second two oxidation addition reactions, so they’re called two-way catalytic converters. After the catalyst has done its job, what emerge from the exhaust is ...What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power).What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.According to data from 2020, the most expensive catalytic converter belonged to the Ferrari F430, with a mind-popping $3,770.00 price tag. Moreover, the F430 needed two of them, so a full replacement would run car owners $7,540 before labor costs. While the Lamborghini Aventador’s converter is technically the third most expensive, at $3,120 ...4. Cut The Exhaust Pipes Off Your Scrap Car. When you are prepping your catalytic converter for the scrap yard we mentioned above, do not remove the honeycomb, but you also want to make sure you keep the shell of the catalytic converter on. However, on either end of it are the exhaust pipes. These can be removed and cut as close to the shell as ...Mar 4, 2022 · SUVs and Pickups are most likely to have their catalytic converter stolen even though their converters are not costly. Their price is less than $50. Honda Vans, Toyota Priuses, and U-Haul are prone to converter theft. Such vehicle owners should park them in a well-lit parking lot and install cameras for security purposes. A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power).2. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket.What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per...Mar 3, 2021 · According to data from 2020, the most expensive catalytic converter belonged to the Ferrari F430, with a mind-popping $3,770.00 price tag. Moreover, the F430 needed two of them, so a full replacement would run car owners $7,540 before labor costs. While the Lamborghini Aventador’s converter is technically the third most expensive, at $3,120 ... A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction. Jun 12, 2023 · What To Pay Attention To With Converter Prices. Watch two primary markets; platinum and palladium. These are the two largest indicators for the market and how the recovery for catalytic converters will happen down the road….compare the prices to the last 12 months of pricing, or even 5 years, and you can see where the metals markets are and where the prices could be. SUVs and Pickups are most likely to have their catalytic converter stolen even though their converters are not costly. Their price is less than $50. Honda Vans, Toyota Priuses, and U-Haul are prone to converter theft. Such vehicle owners should park them in a well-lit parking lot and install cameras for security purposes.4. Cut The Exhaust Pipes Off Your Scrap Car. When you are prepping your catalytic converter for the scrap yard we mentioned above, do not remove the honeycomb, but you also want to make sure you keep the shell of the catalytic converter on. However, on either end of it are the exhaust pipes. These can be removed and cut as close to the shell as ...Part of the scare and frustration of catalytic converters is the fact that prices for replacement vary wildly. The main difference in lies within direct-fit vs a universal fit unit. For many vehicles, a muffler shop can easily weld in a universal replacement converter for $2-300.00. 2. Clogging up of the catalytic converter. The photo on the left shows a clogged up catalytic converter from one of the cars we repaired. There are many reasons that can cause the catalytic converter to clog up, including bad gasoline, increased engine oil consumption, coolant leaks from the intake or a head gasket.MagnaFlow California CARB Compliant Universal Catalytic Converter 2.25in 5411335. Part # 5411335. SKU # 244657. 5-Year Warranty. Check if this fits your vehicle. $88499. Free In-Store Pick Up. SELECT STORE. Home Delivery.Jul 11, 2019 · What year did catalytic converters become mandatory? The average automobile was a toxic chemical factory before catalytic converters became government-mandated equipment in 1972. Oxides of nitrogen and lead, unburned fuel, sulfur dioxide and huge amounts of carbon monoxide poured forth in abundance, polluting groundwater and atmosphere alike. 3. Toyota Prius. Toyota. The Toyota Prius is especially attractive when it comes to catalytic converter theft. This is partly due to the fact its gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain’s internal ...Below are the benefits of high-flow cats: 1. Prevents improper fuel mix. An aftermarket high-flow converter can help prevent some of the commonly experienced issues with newer fuel systems. In most cars, the cat becomes clogged over time, especially when other fuel system parts aren’t working properly. In this article, you’ll learn the following: GM catalytic converter scrap values are usually $80.56 – $312.12. Ford catalytic converter scrap values are usually $47.82 – $911.73. Honda catalytic converter scrap values are usually $72.56 – $453.40. Dodge catalytic converter scrap values are usually $84.12 – $1,125.71.Catalytic converters are your car’s way of filtering out harmful engine exhaust pollutants. This exhaust system converts pollutants (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) into ...Oct 26, 2022 · Essentially, a catalytic converter filters out harmful byproducts in the exhaust gases and burns them up. And while the main function of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful emissions, it also improves your car’s efficiency. A well-maintained car will extend the life of your catalytic converter, minimizing the possibility of a costly ... Mar 20, 2017 · California legal catalytic converters will comply with CARB labeling requirements. If an aftermarket catalytic converter does not comply with CARB labeling requirements, the vehicle will not pass a California smog inspection, and a smog certificate will not be issued. Pre-OBD II Vehicles (Model year 1995 and older): Just the words "catalytic converter theft" can make car owners shudder. It's a highly inconvenient issue that's on the rise due to the valuable metals within these critical emissions-control devices.Jun 12, 2023 · What To Pay Attention To With Converter Prices. Watch two primary markets; platinum and palladium. These are the two largest indicators for the market and how the recovery for catalytic converters will happen down the road….compare the prices to the last 12 months of pricing, or even 5 years, and you can see where the metals markets are and where the prices could be. The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ...A catalytic converter is part of your car’s exhaust system that converts harmful engine-exhaust pollutants into something less harmful to the environment through a chemical reaction.A catalytic converter makes no use if short distances are run, Like in my town. When he is hot, he cleans well. Problems with a catalytic converter can occur when exhaust-gas is rich in fuel becouse of faulty fuel injection, And/or sensors are broken, it can melt down, and clog exhaust system.A catalytic converter uses a set of catalysts to convert some of the dangerous gases produced by your car into benign substances. There are three primary metals that are used inside of converters as well as other materials. Last year alone, more than 14,000 were stolen from cars and trucks. That's in part because of soaring prices for some valuable metals inside the converters. The price of rhodium, for instance, has ...Aug 13, 2020 · Two-way catalytic converters do a poor job of reducing NOx (nitrogen oxides), which led to the development of three-way plus air converters. In addition to the two oxidation catalysts, they add a third chemical process: a reduction catalyst that converts NOx into N2 (nitrogen) and O2 (oxygen). Most vehicles built since the early 1980s use three ... MagnaFlow California CARB Compliant Universal Catalytic Converter 2.25in 5411335. Part # 5411335. SKU # 244657. 5-Year Warranty. Check if this fits your vehicle. $88499. Free In-Store Pick Up. SELECT STORE. Home Delivery. Mar 4, 2022 · SUVs and Pickups are most likely to have their catalytic converter stolen even though their converters are not costly. Their price is less than $50. Honda Vans, Toyota Priuses, and U-Haul are prone to converter theft. Such vehicle owners should park them in a well-lit parking lot and install cameras for security purposes. Catalytic Converters Clean The Air An engine is an inherently unclean machine. It mixes fuel and air, compresses it, ignites it, and uses the explosion from that ignition thousands of times per...Oct 26, 2021 · For catalytic converters, the repair order showing when the repair involving the catalytic converter was removed and that vehicle’s identification number; For those not authorized to repair catalytic converters, a receipt from a person or company that repairs, overhauls, dismantles, or works on motor vehicles A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power).Aug 16, 2023 · What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months. Feb 18, 2022 · A catalytic converter is a large metal box, bolted to the underside of your car, that has two pipes coming out of it. One of them (the converter's "input") is connected to the engine and brings in hot, polluted fumes from the engine's cylinders (where the fuel burns and produces power). Watch a Catalytic Converter in Action. In Wichita, Kansas, thieves stole "more than 500" catalytic converters in 2020 as compared to "fewer than 200" in 2019, according to KAKE ABC. Thieves in ...Aug 22, 2023 · Catalytic converters play an important role in reducing harmful emissions from vehicles. They work by utilizing chemical reactions to convert pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into less harmful substances like water and carbon dioxide. This process is facilitated through the use of metal catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions. In addition, […] Sep 3, 2022 · Catalytic converters, which are located underneath a vehicle and control exhaust emissions, are made with three types of valuable metals: platinum, rhodium and palladium. The average catalytic converter has 3 to 7 grams of platinum worth about $100 – $237. Platinum is more valuable than gold, silver, and even palladium and is a good target for thieves. As of 2022, the platinum price is $997 per ounce and $32.18 per gram. Keep in mind the platinum price constantly fluctuates. Mar 2, 2023 · Compare the flow to a similar car if possible. 3. High or low fuel consumption. Better or worse gas mileage is one of the symptoms of a poor catalytic converter. While better gas mileage may sound like a good deal, it can damage your engine and may cause even more expensive repairs. To ensure that you select the right converter for your vehicle, the first step is to locate the vehicle emissions control information (VECI) tag, which can be found on or near the underside of the hood, the suspension tower or the radiator shroud. The tag may be missing due to exposure to the elements or accident damage.Aug 22, 2023 · Catalytic converters play an important role in reducing harmful emissions from vehicles. They work by utilizing chemical reactions to convert pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into less harmful substances like water and carbon dioxide. This process is facilitated through the use of metal catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions. In addition, […] Mar 3, 2021 · The value of the part. Catalytic converters are made of three different metals that hold a pretty steep price tag. Two of the metals, palladium and rhodium, are worth more per ounce than the price ...

Feb 13, 2022 · A catalytic converter is part of your car’s exhaust system that converts harmful engine-exhaust pollutants into something less harmful to the environment. A catalytic converter is part of your... . Hne 01n

what%27s in catalytic converters

Jun 14, 2023 · Catalytic converters are a key component of your car’s exhaust system. Their purpose is to turn the dangerous pollutants that are produced in your car’s engine into benign compounds. The ultimate goal of this auto part is to decrease the environmental harm caused by vehicle emissions. Jan 17, 2021 · Catalytic converters are typically made from steel, aluminum, copper, and other alloys.They help in reducing emissions from diesel engines. Catalytic converters require a significant amount of energy to create so these scrap prices can be quite high in comparison to the value of other metals. Step 1: Contact the Authorities. If you find your catalytic converter is missing, you should immediately contact the authorities. They will check local security cameras and work to see if they can help catch the person who stole your converter. Additionally, a police report may be essential to your insurance coverage. What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975.Apr 6, 2021 · The main purpose of a catalytic converter is to reduce harmful gases. It also helps optimize the vehicle's performance and efficiency. Yes, it is somewhat true that eliminating the cat will notably improve the performance of a car, as there is no scope for exhaust backpressure which is caused because of clogged cat- combs. A recycled catalytic converter from a car, stolen or not, can fetch between $150 and $250, but converters from trucks can be worth as much as $1,500. The value is due to the rare metals needed to make the converter work: palladium, rhodium, and platinum. Most of you would probably guess that platinum is the most valuable of the metals.What’s slowing the catalytic converter crime wave? Stolen catalytic converters aren’t worth as much anymore. The price of palladium has fallen in recent months.Step 1: Contact the Authorities. If you find your catalytic converter is missing, you should immediately contact the authorities. They will check local security cameras and work to see if they can help catch the person who stole your converter. Additionally, a police report may be essential to your insurance coverage. Aug 13, 2016 · A catalytic converter makes no use if short distances are run, Like in my town. When he is hot, he cleans well. Problems with a catalytic converter can occur when exhaust-gas is rich in fuel becouse of faulty fuel injection, And/or sensors are broken, it can melt down, and clog exhaust system. Apr 19, 2023 · The NICB says a typical catalytic converter can fetch anywhere from “$50 to $250” apiece. That might not sound like much, but consider that a quick-working thief needs a few short minutes to ... 3. Toyota Prius. Toyota. The Toyota Prius is especially attractive when it comes to catalytic converter theft. This is partly due to the fact its gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain’s internal ...Catalytic converters are a vital component of a car’s exhaust or emissions system, reducing the pollutants entering the atmosphere. The metal catalyst neutralizes harmful gases like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, turning them into water vapor and carbon dioxide. Catalytic converters have been mandated in the U.S. since 1975.The metals in catalytic converters are catalysts. Catalysts are compounds that trigger a chemical reaction without being affected themselves. Catalytic converters have a honeycomb structure because it provides a lot of surface area for a lot of reactions. Catalytic converters use elements like Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd), and Rhodium (Rh) as ...Catalytic converters have been in widespread use in North American vehicles since the 1970s. Their purpose is to make car exhaust from internal combustion engines less toxic, converting substances ...May 8, 2021 · Governors Urge Biden To Order 100% Zero-Emission Car Sales By 2035. The organization blames the under-vehicle crime wave on much higher prices for the valuable metals inside catalytic converters ... Oct 8, 2021 · The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ... A new catalytic converter costs anywhere from $600 to $2,500. Keep in mind that some vehicles have more than one converter, which would increase the overall cost. If you’re looking to save some cash, you can consider purchasing a catalytic converter from a scrap yard. Prices on catalytic converters: Source. Price Range.A catalytic converter is a device that uses a catalyst to convert the three harmful compounds into harmless ones. The catalyst formulation comprises three key constituents: precious metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium), alumina, and rare-earth-based materials which enhance catalytic activity of the metals. Oct 8, 2021 · The department hopes the combination of license plate numbers etched on converters; a sticker that reads, “This vehicle’s catalytic converter has been etched by the Takoma Park Police Dept ... .

Popular Topics